Evaluation of Sewerage System Sustainability Technically Around Condominiums Areas: A Case Study in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia

Fraol Abebe Wudineh; Nigatu Chala Kuke

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.18

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Evaluation of Sewerage System Sustainability Technically Around Condominiums Areas: A Case Study in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia

Fraol Abebe Wudineh, Nigatu Chala Kuke

Published in American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 4, Issue 6)

Received: 30 October 2015 Accepted: 11 November 2015 Published: 14 December 2015

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Abstract

Sewage discharges from centralized water-borne collection systems can pollute surface water, and discharge from sewers; septic tanks and pit toilets pollute living environment and groundwater which directly affects the health of poor people at downstream [13]. Poor sanitation facilities and low sewerage system continues to be a critical problem in rural and urban areas of Ethiopia. This study aims to evaluate the sewerage system in terms of technical aspect by identifying the cause and extent of failures on the schemes then forwarding the mitigation measures for the problem explored. This study is conducted in Debre Berhan town from February, 2014-January, 2015. In order to gather information’s for the study, the researchers used pre-prepared questionnaire (for the condominium lives), soil sampling and the other was data collection checklists (variable and context information checklists), semi open ended interview and physical instruments such as GPS, Axes soil sample bags. From the study, some important conclusions are made. The technical performance evaluation indicators show that sewerage system especially around condominium area is poorly implemented, inadequate in quantity, or poorly constructed or both. Of the total users around 31.54% have no any awareness about sewerage system operation, sanitation and hygiene. Of constructed floor drainage ditches only 24.8% have good appearance and functional, in the rest of scheme, the structure is destructed and non-functional. Only 36.47% of septic tanks, gives good function for users properly as required, in the rest of the schemes, there is many defects and problems observed. The technical problems noticed in the sample sites are includes O&M, construction, and design respectively put in the order of causing considerable failure.

Published in	American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 4, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.18
Page(s)	318-324
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Sustainable Sewerage, Water, Health, Hygiene, O&M, Capacity Building, Grey Water Reuse

References

[1]	Tessema, Yitbarek. 2013. Ethiopia - Ethiopia Water Supply and Sanitation Project: P076735 - Implementation Status Results Report: Sequence 19. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.
[2]	Debre berhan town health Office (2014) Report of top Ten Diseases, Debre berhan, Ethiopia.
[3]	2012 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Amhara Region, Vol. 1, part 1, Tables 2.1, 2.7, 2.10, 2.13, 2.17, Annex II.2 [2012, April].
[4]	A.P. Moser and Steven Folkman (2008) Buried Pipe Design (Third edition).
[5]	Cairncross S, Carruthers I, Curtis D, Feachem R, Bradley D, Baldwin G (1980) Evaluation for village water supply planning, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
[6]	David Bufler and John W. Davis (2004), Urban Drainage (Second edition).
[7]	Departments of the Army (August, 2001) Plumbing, Pipe Fitting, and Sewerage, Washington DC.
[8]	EBCS-9 (1995) Ethiopian Building Code Standards Number Nine, Sectoral manual, Addis Ababa.
[9]	Ethiopian News Agency [2009, May]"42-km Debrebirhan-Ankober road being maintained".
[10]	http://www.en"Local History in Ethiopia" The Nordic Africa Institute website [2007, Dec.].
[11]	http://www.enWikipedia.org/wiki/Debre_Berhan#local_economy.
[12]	Jerrya. Nathanson(2009). Basic Environmental Technology Water supply, Waste Management, and Pollution control (Fifth edition), New Delhi _11001.
[13]	Knut Werner Alsen, Petter D. Jansoon (2004) Ecological Sanitation (for mankind and nature), Norway.
[14]	Mark. J. Hammer (2005) Water and Waste Water Technology (Fourth edition), New Delhi_11001, 2005.
[15]	Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (1960). Wastewater Engineering-Treatment and Reuse (2nd edition). McGraw - Hill. ISBN-13:978-0070418783.
[16]	Pradnya Thakur and D.B. Panse (2012) Success Stories of Sustainable Sanitation Initiatives in India by ESF.
[17]	S.K. Garg (March, 2008) Sewage Disposal and Air Pollution Engineering (21st edition).
[18]	Terence J. McGHEE (1960) Water Supply and Sewerage (6th edition), McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITIONS.
[19]	Unpublished document, March 2006 Adapted from Sanitary Fixtures Specifications, Avalon Pharma factory, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
[20]	Selamawit Aseffa (2007) Evaluation of Technical sustainability of Rural water supply projects in the Amhara Regional state, case study in south Wollo, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia.

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APA Style

Fraol Abebe Wudineh, Nigatu Chala Kuke. (2015). Evaluation of Sewerage System Sustainability Technically Around Condominiums Areas: A Case Study in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 4(6), 318-324. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.18

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ACS Style

Fraol Abebe Wudineh; Nigatu Chala Kuke. Evaluation of Sewerage System Sustainability Technically Around Condominiums Areas: A Case Study in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2015, 4(6), 318-324. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.18

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AMA Style

Fraol Abebe Wudineh, Nigatu Chala Kuke. Evaluation of Sewerage System Sustainability Technically Around Condominiums Areas: A Case Study in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. Am J Environ Prot. 2015;4(6):318-324. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.18

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@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.18,
  author = {Fraol Abebe Wudineh and Nigatu Chala Kuke},
  title = {Evaluation of Sewerage System Sustainability Technically Around Condominiums Areas: A Case Study in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {4},
  number = {6},
  pages = {318-324},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.18},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.18},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20150406.18},
  abstract = {Sewage discharges from centralized water-borne collection systems can pollute surface water, and discharge from sewers; septic tanks and pit toilets pollute living environment and groundwater which directly affects the health of poor people at downstream [13]. Poor sanitation facilities and low sewerage system continues to be a critical problem in rural and urban areas of Ethiopia. This study aims to evaluate the sewerage system in terms of technical aspect by identifying the cause and extent of failures on the schemes then forwarding the mitigation measures for the problem explored. This study is conducted in Debre Berhan town from February, 2014-January, 2015. In order to gather information’s for the study, the researchers used pre-prepared questionnaire (for the condominium lives), soil sampling and the other was data collection checklists (variable and context information checklists), semi open ended interview and physical instruments such as GPS, Axes soil sample bags. From the study, some important conclusions are made. The technical performance evaluation indicators show that sewerage system especially around condominium area is poorly implemented, inadequate in quantity, or poorly constructed or both. Of the total users around 31.54% have no any awareness about sewerage system operation, sanitation and hygiene. Of constructed floor drainage ditches only 24.8% have good appearance and functional, in the rest of scheme, the structure is destructed and non-functional. Only 36.47% of septic tanks, gives good function for users properly as required, in the rest of the schemes, there is many defects and problems observed. The technical problems noticed in the sample sites are includes O&M, construction, and design respectively put in the order of causing considerable failure.},
 year = {2015}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Evaluation of Sewerage System Sustainability Technically Around Condominiums Areas: A Case Study in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
AU  - Fraol Abebe Wudineh
AU  - Nigatu Chala Kuke
Y1  - 2015/12/14
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.18
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.18
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 318
EP  - 324
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.18
AB  - Sewage discharges from centralized water-borne collection systems can pollute surface water, and discharge from sewers; septic tanks and pit toilets pollute living environment and groundwater which directly affects the health of poor people at downstream [13]. Poor sanitation facilities and low sewerage system continues to be a critical problem in rural and urban areas of Ethiopia. This study aims to evaluate the sewerage system in terms of technical aspect by identifying the cause and extent of failures on the schemes then forwarding the mitigation measures for the problem explored. This study is conducted in Debre Berhan town from February, 2014-January, 2015. In order to gather information’s for the study, the researchers used pre-prepared questionnaire (for the condominium lives), soil sampling and the other was data collection checklists (variable and context information checklists), semi open ended interview and physical instruments such as GPS, Axes soil sample bags. From the study, some important conclusions are made. The technical performance evaluation indicators show that sewerage system especially around condominium area is poorly implemented, inadequate in quantity, or poorly constructed or both. Of the total users around 31.54% have no any awareness about sewerage system operation, sanitation and hygiene. Of constructed floor drainage ditches only 24.8% have good appearance and functional, in the rest of scheme, the structure is destructed and non-functional. Only 36.47% of septic tanks, gives good function for users properly as required, in the rest of the schemes, there is many defects and problems observed. The technical problems noticed in the sample sites are includes O&M, construction, and design respectively put in the order of causing considerable failure.
VL  - 4
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Fraol Abebe Wudineh

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Debre Berhan, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
Nigatu Chala Kuke

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Debre Berhan, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia

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APA Style

Fraol Abebe Wudineh, Nigatu Chala Kuke. (2015). Evaluation of Sewerage System Sustainability Technically Around Condominiums Areas: A Case Study in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 4(6), 318-324. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.18

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ACS Style

Fraol Abebe Wudineh; Nigatu Chala Kuke. Evaluation of Sewerage System Sustainability Technically Around Condominiums Areas: A Case Study in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2015, 4(6), 318-324. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.18

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AMA Style

Fraol Abebe Wudineh, Nigatu Chala Kuke. Evaluation of Sewerage System Sustainability Technically Around Condominiums Areas: A Case Study in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. Am J Environ Prot. 2015;4(6):318-324. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.18

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@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.18,
  author = {Fraol Abebe Wudineh and Nigatu Chala Kuke},
  title = {Evaluation of Sewerage System Sustainability Technically Around Condominiums Areas: A Case Study in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {4},
  number = {6},
  pages = {318-324},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.18},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.18},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20150406.18},
  abstract = {Sewage discharges from centralized water-borne collection systems can pollute surface water, and discharge from sewers; septic tanks and pit toilets pollute living environment and groundwater which directly affects the health of poor people at downstream [13]. Poor sanitation facilities and low sewerage system continues to be a critical problem in rural and urban areas of Ethiopia. This study aims to evaluate the sewerage system in terms of technical aspect by identifying the cause and extent of failures on the schemes then forwarding the mitigation measures for the problem explored. This study is conducted in Debre Berhan town from February, 2014-January, 2015. In order to gather information’s for the study, the researchers used pre-prepared questionnaire (for the condominium lives), soil sampling and the other was data collection checklists (variable and context information checklists), semi open ended interview and physical instruments such as GPS, Axes soil sample bags. From the study, some important conclusions are made. The technical performance evaluation indicators show that sewerage system especially around condominium area is poorly implemented, inadequate in quantity, or poorly constructed or both. Of the total users around 31.54% have no any awareness about sewerage system operation, sanitation and hygiene. Of constructed floor drainage ditches only 24.8% have good appearance and functional, in the rest of scheme, the structure is destructed and non-functional. Only 36.47% of septic tanks, gives good function for users properly as required, in the rest of the schemes, there is many defects and problems observed. The technical problems noticed in the sample sites are includes O&M, construction, and design respectively put in the order of causing considerable failure.},
 year = {2015}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Evaluation of Sewerage System Sustainability Technically Around Condominiums Areas: A Case Study in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
AU  - Fraol Abebe Wudineh
AU  - Nigatu Chala Kuke
Y1  - 2015/12/14
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.18
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.18
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 318
EP  - 324
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150406.18
AB  - Sewage discharges from centralized water-borne collection systems can pollute surface water, and discharge from sewers; septic tanks and pit toilets pollute living environment and groundwater which directly affects the health of poor people at downstream [13]. Poor sanitation facilities and low sewerage system continues to be a critical problem in rural and urban areas of Ethiopia. This study aims to evaluate the sewerage system in terms of technical aspect by identifying the cause and extent of failures on the schemes then forwarding the mitigation measures for the problem explored. This study is conducted in Debre Berhan town from February, 2014-January, 2015. In order to gather information’s for the study, the researchers used pre-prepared questionnaire (for the condominium lives), soil sampling and the other was data collection checklists (variable and context information checklists), semi open ended interview and physical instruments such as GPS, Axes soil sample bags. From the study, some important conclusions are made. The technical performance evaluation indicators show that sewerage system especially around condominium area is poorly implemented, inadequate in quantity, or poorly constructed or both. Of the total users around 31.54% have no any awareness about sewerage system operation, sanitation and hygiene. Of constructed floor drainage ditches only 24.8% have good appearance and functional, in the rest of scheme, the structure is destructed and non-functional. Only 36.47% of septic tanks, gives good function for users properly as required, in the rest of the schemes, there is many defects and problems observed. The technical problems noticed in the sample sites are includes O&M, construction, and design respectively put in the order of causing considerable failure.
VL  - 4
IS  - 6
ER  -

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